For example, in addition to overburden, coal mines produce large amounts of waste in the form of fly ash while sewage treatment plants require disposal of large amounts of compost. The management of solid waste materials from industrial operations is also a key component for a sustainable economy. The erosion of these dumps may result in landform instability, which in turn may result in exposure of contaminants such as trace metals, elevated sediment delivery in adjacent waterways, and the subsequent degradation of downstream water quality. As mines expand, larger volumes of waste rock need to be moved which also require extensive areas for their safe disposal and containment. Surface mining activities often produce large volumes of solid wastes which invariably requires the removal of significant quantities of waste rock (overburden). Yellishetty, Mohan Wong, Vanessa Taylor, Michael Li, Johnson Forming artificial soils from waste materials for mine site rehabilitation
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